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Committee for Cultural Freedom
The Committee for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was an American political organization active from 1939 to 1951 which advocated opposition to the totalitarianism of both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in foreign affairs,〔Manning, ''Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda,'' 2004. p. 68.〕 and promoted pro-democratic reforms in public and private institutions domestically.〔Rosteck, ''At the Intersection: Cultural Studies and Rhetorical Studies,'' 1998, p. 270.〕 Co-founded by influential philosopher and educator John Dewey and the anti-Soviet Marxist academic Sidney Hook,〔"New Group Fights Any Freedom Curb," ''New York Times,'' May 15, 1939.〕〔Jumonville, ''Critical Crossings: The New York Intellectuals in Postwar America,'' 1991, p. 50.〕 it was reorganized in January 1951 into the American Committee for Cultural Freedom.〔〔
==Founding==
The Committee for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was founded on May 14, 1939.〔〔Martin, ''The Education of John Dewey: A Biography,'' 2002, p. 441.〕 The genesis of the CCF was a disagreement among communists, socialists, leftists, and centrists in the United States over the value of forming a popular front and the need for violence, revolution, and dictatorship in establishing a more just society. Many American far left-wing intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s were Trotskyists who believed in democracy and were opposed to the totalitarianism advocated by Joseph Stalin and Stalinism. The CCF was an attempt by John Dewey and other leftists to break with what they argued was the totalitarianism of the Communist Party USA and "cleanse" left-wing politics to make it more platable to the main stream of American voters.〔Kutulas, ''The Long War: The Intellectual People's Front and Anti-Stalinism, 1930-40,'' 1995, p. 157.〕〔〔Hartman, ''Education and the Cold War: The Battle for the American School,'' 2008, p. 39.〕 But the goals of the group's founders were not uniform on this. Dewey saw the CCF as an independent organization.〔 Hook saw the CCF as a means of undermining the popular front.〔 Dewey believed that he could persuade other left-wing organizations to give up their belief in revolution and dictatorship and join with the CCF in promoting leftist ideals.〔 Hook secretly worked against him in these negotiations.〔 The CCF's statement of purpose was signed by 96 intellectuals in May 1939.〔 However, it did not hold its first meeting until October 1939.〔
The primary co-founders of the organization were John Dewey and Sidney Hook.〔〔〔Kloppenberg, ''The Virtues of Liberalism,'' 1998, p. 139.〕 Dewey served as the organization's honorary chair and Ferdinand Lundberg was its secretary, but Hook was individual who pushed for its formation.〔Phelps, ''Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist,'' 2005, p. 108.〕 Hook played a critical role in the group. He and Frank N. Trager co-chaired the CCF's Committee on Plans and Organization, which was the backbone of the organization.〔 The CCF produced a number of reports on politics, economics, culture, and foreign affairs during its short lifetime. Two of its earliest and most influential reports were "Stalinist Outposts in the United States" and "Nazi Outposts in the United States", which listed for the first time in American history front organizations for the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.〔Phelps, ''Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist,'' 2005, p. 109.〕 The CCF began publishing the ''CCF Bulletin'', a monthly newsletter, in October 1939.〔
The founding of the CCF was not without controversy. Many leftists, such as Dwight MacDonald, believed the CCF was not sufficiently leftist, and formed a splinter Trotskyist group with similar aims called the League for Cultural Freedom and Socialism.〔〔Cooney, ''The Rise of The New York Intellectuals: 'Partisan Review' and Its Circle,'' 2004, p. 143.〕 The CCF was criticized by mainstream liberal intellectuals and groups as well. The political magazine ''The New Republic'' actively campaigned in its pages against the CCF.〔Bullert, ''The Politics of John Dewey,'' 1983, p. 140.〕 ''The New Republic'' accused the CCF of actively aiding fascism and supporting a Trotskyist revolution in the U.S.〔Cooney, ''The Rise of The New York Intellectuals: 'Partisan Review' and Its Circle,'' 2004, p. 143-144.〕 Freda Kirchwey, editor of ''The Nation'' (a liberal political magazine), strongly criticized the CCF for equating Stalinism and fascism without recognizing the two political systems' differences.〔 ''The New Republic'' and ''The Nation'' pressured mainstream liberals and respected leftist intellectuals to resign their membership in the CCF.〔 Hook and Trager, through the CCF Committee on Plans and Organization, sough to counteract this pressure through anonymous and signed letters to major newspapers, pamphlets, speeches, and anonymous and on-the-record quotations supporting the CCF.〔
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